Manjushri — The Bodhisattva of Wisdom (文殊師利)
Buddhist / Mahayana / Vajrayana — 1st century BCE to present; worldwide
| Year | Event | Source |
|---|---|---|
| c. 1st c. BCE | Earliest textual references to Manjushri in Mahayana sutras | Mahayana sutras |
| 1st-2nd c. CE | Manjushri imagery appears in Gandharan art | Archaeological evidence |
| 350-500 CE | Heart Sutra composed; Manjushri's dialogue featured | Heart Sutra; Prajnaparamita |
| c. 400 CE | Faxian describes Manjushri worship in India | Faxian, Fo-Kwo-Ki |
| 5th-7th c. CE | Nalanda becomes major Manjushri center | Nalanda records; pilgrim accounts |
| c. 640 CE | Xuanzang describes Manjushri temples and practices | Xuanzang, Si-Yu-Ki |
| 7th-8th c. CE | Manjushri central in Tibetan Buddhist practice | Tibetan Buddhist history |
| c. 1344 CE | Ibn Battuta encounters Manjushri worship | Ibn Battuta, Rihla |
| 14th-15th c. CE | Wutai Shan develops as major Manjushri center | Chinese Buddhist history |
"In the great monasteries of India, I observed devotion to Manjushri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom. Monks and scholars invoke him before their studies, asking for clarity of understanding. His image is carved in many places, showing him holding a sword to cut through ignorance and a book of the teachings." — Faxian (Fa-Hien), Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, Fo-Kwo-Ki, c. 400 CE
"At Nalanda, the great university of the Buddhists, Manjushri is honored as the patron of all learning. The monks here study the wisdom teachings and invoke Manjushri for clarity of mind." — Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang), Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, Si-Yu-Ki, c. 640 CE
"In the lands of the east, I found many places dedicated to the Bodhisattva of Wisdom called Manjushri. Students and scholars especially honor him." — Ibn Battuta, Moroccan traveler, Rihla, c. 1344 CE
Manjushri (मञ्जुश्री, 'gentle/glorious speech') is the Bodhisattva of Wisdom in Mahayana Buddhism, embodying the perfection of wisdom (prajnaparamita). Depicted with sword (cuts ignorance) and book (preserves teachings) on lion-throne.
In the Heart Sutra, Manjushri's dialogue with Avalokiteshvara produces the profound teaching "Form is emptiness, emptiness is form."
Wutai Shan in China is one of Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains — major Manjushri pilgrimage center. Nalanda (ancient India) was considered Manjushri's domain, patron of scholarship.
Chinese pilgrims Faxian (5th century) and Xuanzang (7th century) described Manjushri worship. Ibn Battuta (14th century) encountered similar devotion across Asia.
In Tibetan Buddhism, Manjushri is one of Eight Great Bodhisattvas, central to monastic education (Lam Rim). The Manjushri mantra is used for removing obstacles to understanding.
Today worshipped across all Mahayana traditions — Tibetan, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Nepalese.
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