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๐ท Arjun Singh Kulkarni ยท [CC BY-SA 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0) ยท source
Practices
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[BEGINNER]
Raja Yoga (Royal Yoga) is the system of meditation and mental discipline described in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, known as the "eight-limbed path" (Ashtanga Yoga). The term "Raja" means "royal," indicating that this path represents the king of all yoga practices โ the direct approach to mastering the mind. Raja Yoga emphasizes meditation (Dhyana) and concentration (Dharana) as the primary means of achieving Samadhi (complete absorption), and it systematically addresses the obstacles to meditation and the stages of progress in meditation practice. Unlike Hatha Yoga which focuses primarily on physical postures and breath control, Raja Yoga works directly with the mind, teaching that the root of all suffering is the mind's fluctuations (Chitta Vritti), and that stilling these fluctuations leads to liberation.
[INTERMEDIATE]
Raja Yoga's eight limbs are: 1) Yama (ethical restraints โ non-violence, truth, non-stealing, chastity, non-greed); 2) Niyama (observances โ purity, contentment, austerity, self-study, surrender to God); 3) Asana (stable posture for meditation); 4) Pranayama (breath regulation); 5) Pratyahara (withdrawal of senses from external objects); 6) Dharana (concentration on a single point); 7) Dhyana (meditation, continuous flow of awareness toward the object); 8) Samadhi (absorption, complete merger with the object of meditation). The Yoga Sutras describes the five Kleshas (afflictions): ignorance (avidya), egoism (asmita), attachment (raga), hatred (dvesha), and fear of death (abhinivesha), as the root causes of suffering. The practice of Samyama (the combined practice of Dharana-Dhyana-Samadhi on any object) leads to the acquisition of supernatural powers (Siddhis) and ultimately to liberation (Kaivalya).
[SCHOLAR]
Academic study of Raja Yoga reveals one of the most influential systems of spiritual practice in world history. Patanjali's Yoga Sutras (dated to roughly 200-400 CE) systematized earlier yoga practices from the Upanishads and possibly Buddhist meditation techniques into a coherent eight-limbed system. The relationship between Raja Yoga and Buddhist meditation (particularly the Samatha-Vipassana system) has been extensively studied, with scholars noting both similarities and significant differences. The concept of Chitta Vritti (mind fluctuations) provides a psychological model that anticipates modern cognitive science's understanding of the restless mind. The Yoga Sutras' treatment of Samadhi stages (Samprajnata Samadhi with supports, Asamprajnata Samadhi without supports) describes what modern meditators would call "access concentration" and "full absorption." The treatment of Siddhis (supernatural powers) in the third chapter remains controversial, with some interpreting it literally and others metaphorically.
[/SCHOLAR]
1. The Mind Can Be Mastered โ The Yoga Sutras' teaching that through systematic practice the mind can be controlled establishes human agency in spiritual development, that enlightenment is not merely a gift but an achievement.
2. Stillness Is Vision โ "Chitta Vritti Nirodha" (yoga is the cessation of mind fluctuations) teaches that in the stillness of concentrated mind, true understanding arises, that what we call "seeing" requires first quieting the noise.
3. The Eight Limbs Form One Path โ The eight limbs are not separate practices but stages of one integrated path โ each limb supports and leads to the next, culminating in Samadhi.
[BEGINNER]
[INTERMEDIATE]
[SCHOLAR]
[/SCHOLAR]
| Text | Description | Key References |
|---|---|---|
| Yoga Sutras of Patanjali | Primary text | 196 sutras, 4 padas |
| Bhagavad Gita | Related yoga teachings | Chapter 6, others |
| Maitri Upanishad | Earlier yoga concepts | Pre-Sutras yoga |
| Vyasa Bhashya | Primary commentary | On all four padas |
Raja Yoga continues as the primary meditation system in the Vedanta and Yoga traditions, with millions practicing some form of Patanjali's eight-limbed path. The Kriya Yoga taught by Paramahansa Yogananda represents one transmission of Raja Yoga principles to the West. The modern "Yoga movement" has largely focused on the third and fourth limbs (Asana and Pranayama) while often neglecting the first four limbs (Yama-Niyama-Pratyahara). The Vipassana movement (particularly in Myanmar/Thailand) represents related but distinct meditation systems that sometimes claim connection to the Yoga Sutras' framework.
This profile focuses on the classical Raja Yoga of Patanjali. The modern yoga movement often uses the term "Raja Yoga" differently, sometimes as a brand name for particular styles. The relationship between classical Raja Yoga and modern postural yoga is debated โ some see them as continuous, others as significantly different. The academic study of Yoga Sutras requires attention to both traditional commentaries and modern scholarship.
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