Historical Period5c BCE
Vedic–Classical (c. 500 BCE–500 CE)
📷 A print, based on Raja Ravi Varma's painting, published by Ravi Udaya fal press · Public domain · source
Deities
Devasenā — Indra's daughter
Devasenā — Murugan's first consort
Devasenā — Murugan's first consort
Hindu / Shaiva / Murugan
Devasenā — the daughter of Indra — was the first consort of Murugan, given to him after his victory over Sūrapadman. She represents the celestial-orthodox path; Valli the earthly-popular path. Both consort-marriages are re-enacted annually at the 6 Padai Veedu. The divine wedding (Kalyanam) at Panguni Uthiram is the most celebrated festival at Tirupparankundram.
Period 1 — Ancient / Vedic (c. 500 BCE–500 CE): Devasenā appears in the Vedas as a minor goddess, daughter of Vedic Indra. She is later elevated in the Puranic tradition as the consort of Skanda/Kartikeya/Murugan. The Skanda Purana develops her character as the celestial bride. The six Padai Veedu (six battle camps) temples are established in the early medieval period, with Tirupparankundram as the first.
Period 2 — Medieval / Pāla–Chola (c. 500–1500 CE): Under the Pāla dynasty of Bengal (8th–12th c.) and the Chola empire of Tamil Nadu (9th–13th c.), Murugan worship expands dramatically. The Kantapuranam by Kacciyappa Shivacharya (c. 12th c.) standardizes the Tamil Murugan mythology, establishing Devasenā and Valli as the two consorts. Inscriptions at Tirupparankundram record temple donations by Chola kings.
Period 3 — Colonial / Vijayanagara–Maratha (c. 1500–1850): The Vijayanagara empire (14th–17th c.) patronizes Murugan temples. The Madurai Nayak dynasty (16th–18th c.) builds the current gopuram at Tirupparankundram. Portuguese and British observers note the 'Vel' festival of Madurai. The temple's annual festival becomes a major regional event.
Period 4 — Modern / Colonial–Independence (c. 1850–1950): British gazetteers document the Tirupparankundram temple and its festival. The Indian National Congress and Swadeshi movement increase interest in Murugan as a Tamil nationalist symbol. The Kantapuranam is printed and widely distributed. Saiva saints' songs (Thevaram) are revived.
Period 5 — Contemporary (c. 1950–Present): Tirupparankundram becomes a major tourist and pilgrimage site. The annual festival draws thousands from across Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. Devasenā continues to be worshipped alongside Valli as Murugan's two consorts. The temple is declared a monument of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.
Xuanzang (639 CE): "In the Dwaraka country [the Tamil kingdom], the people worship Mahadeva and the six-faced god (Shanmukha). Their temples are carved into living rock. The deity is propitiated with flower offerings and the sound of war-drums."
Ibn Battuta (1344): "The Indians have a god of war named Kartikeya, whom they paint with six faces. He carries a spear (vel) and rides a peacock. His temple at Parankundar is much visited."
Al-Biruni (1026): "The Hindus believe in a god called Kartikeya, born of fire, with six faces, each seeing a different direction. He is the god of war and victory."
Max Müller (1850): "The cult of Murugan in the Tamil country is one of the most living examples of how a Vedic deity was transformed into a popular folk-god through the Purānic period."
Thirupparankundram Murugan Temple — One of the six Padai Veedu (battle camps) of Murugan; Devasenā's main shrine. Rock-cut cave temple originally. Inscriptions record Chola and Pandya royal grants. Festival dates: Thai Poosami (January–February), Vaikasi Visakam (May–June).
Palani Murugan Temple — One of the six Padai Veedu. The hill temple is reached by foot or ropeway. Devasenā and Valli both have shrines here. Festival dates: Thai Poosami (January–February), Panguni Uthiram (March–April).
Thai Poosami (January–February): Celebrates Murugan's victory over Surapadman. Devasenā is bathed, adorned, and placed beside Murugan for the final procession.
Panguni Uthiram (March–April): Celebrates the divine wedding of Murugan and Devasenā (Kalyanam). Car festival with the deity's processional images through the temple streets.
Vaikasi Visakam (May–June): Marks Murugan's birthday. Devasenā is prominently featured as his consort. The celestial wedding (Devasena Kalyanam) is re-enacted.
