Supreme Venerable Sovereign — Deified Form of Laozi
Taishang Laojun (太上老君, "Supreme Venerable Sovereign") is the deified form of the sage Laozi (老子), traditional author of the Daodejing (Tao Te Ching). In religious Taoism he is one of the Three Pure Ones (Sān Qīng) — the highest triad of Taoist divinity — embodying the primordial Dao as the "Pure One of the Grand Pure" (Tàiqīng).
The historical Laozi is usually dated to the 6th century BCE, though his historicity is debated. His deification into Taishang Laojun began by the Later Han (2nd century CE), when the Celestial Masters movement (founded 142 CE) venerated him as the supreme god who appears through the ages to transmit the Dao to worthy sages. By the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), during which the ruling Li family claimed descent from Laozi, Taishang Laojun was granted the highest state recognition.
In Taoist theology, Taishang Laojun is understood not merely as the deified Laozi but as a transcendent divinity who has repeatedly manifested in human history — Laozi being the most famous such appearance, but not the only one. Other manifestations include:
This doctrine of repeated embodiment makes Taishang Laojun structurally similar to the bodhisattva doctrine in Mahayana Buddhism and distinguishes religious Taoism from the philosophical Taoism of texts alone.
In the Three Pure Ones triad:
The three are often depicted as a seated triad at the apex of Taoist temple altars.
The iconic Taoist image of Laozi — an elderly sage with long white beard riding a water buffalo westward across the pass — refers to the tradition that Laozi left China westward after composing the Daodejing at the request of the border guard Yin Xi at Hangu Pass.
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